Abstract des Autors

Environmental problems such as climate change, air and water pollution, loss of biodiversity, greenhouse emission, and deforestation are getting more severe as a result of increasing human ignorant behaviors. Sports, as an important part of human activities, generate a variety of impacts on ecosystems through generating waste from construction projects, athletic participants, and game spectators, noise and light pollution, soil and water pollution from pesticide use, and soil erosion during the construction of facilities (United Nations Environmental Program [UNEP], 2012). The Olympic Games involve massive environmental resources, activities, and construction, which might consequently disturb a host city’s natural environment. For instance, the 1992 Albertville Olympic Games in France radically and irreparably blemished the vulnerable alpine ecosystems, resulting from venue construction and the lack of environmental policies and guidelines (Cantelon and Letters, 2000). To reduce adverse ecological impact associated with hosting the Games, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) integrated the environment into the Olympic Charter as the third pillar along with sport and culture in 1996 (Beyer, 2006). Since then, all bidding cities have been required to include a comprehensive environmental plan for preparing and staging the Olympic Games.