Abstract

The Second International Congress on Skiing and Science was held at St. Christoph a. Arlberg, Austria, from 9 to 15 January, 2000. It was the follow up conference of the First International Congress on Skiing and Science held in St. Christoph in January 1996. The conference was organized by the University of Innsbruck, the "Österreichischer Arbeitskreis für Skilauf an Schulen und Hochschulen" and the World Commission of Sports Biomechanics. The scientific programme offered a broad spectrum of current research work in Alpine and Nordic skiing and snowboarding. Apart from seven keynote papers, which were presented by some of the best known experts in this research field, sixty oral and forty five poster presentations stimulated fascinating discussions. In the Proceedings of this congress, the seven keynotes and fifty one of the oral presentations are published. The volume is organized into four parts based on scientific disciplines: Part I: Biomechanics of skiing. 1. Nigg, B.M.; Schwameder, H.; Stefanyshyn, D.; Tscharner, V.v.: The effect of ski binding position on performance and comfort in skiing (Keynote 1). 2. Virmavirta, M; Komi, P.V.: Factors influencing the "explosiveness" of ski jumping take off (Keynote 2). 3. Minetti, A.F.; Cotelli, F.; Canclini, A.; Susta, D.; Saibene, F.; Smith, G.: Individual economy and general mechanics in cross country skiing (Keynote 3). 4. Schwameder, H.; Nigg, B.M.; Tscharner, V.v.; Stefanyshyn, D.: The effect of bindig position on kinetic variables in alpine skiing. 5. Tscharner, V.v.; Schwameder, H.: Filtering of force variables in skiing by specified wavelet analysis. 6. Schöllhorn, W.I.; Müller, E.; Lindinger, S.; Raschner, C.; Schwameder, H.; Benko, U.: Individuality and generality in ski turn techniques. 7. Medved, V.; Nemec, B.; Kasovic-Vidas, M.; Radenovic, O.: Laboratory and field research into the biomechanics of alpine skiing. 8. Pozzo, R.; Canclini, A.; Cotelli, C.; Martinelli, L.; Röckmann, A.: 3-D kinematics of the start in the downhill at the Bormio world cup in 1995. 9. Pozzo, R.; Canclini, A.; Cotelli, C.; Martinelli, L.; DeMonte, G.: Ground reaction forces at push-off and time performance of the start in the downhill of elite skiers. 10. Sasaki, T.; Tsunoda, K.; Hoshino, H.; Ono, M.: Aerodynamic force during flight phase in ski jumping. 11. Kagawa, H.; Yoneyama, T.: Effective action of skier's center of mass in skiing. 12. Glitsch, U.: Computer simulation of alpine skiing. 13. Seifriz, F; Mester, J.: Measurement and computer simulation of trajectories in alpine skiing. 14. Casolo, F.; Lorenzi, V.: Relevance of ski mechanical and geometrical properties in carving technique: A dynamic simulation. 15. Kaps, P.; Mössner, M.; Nachbauer, W.; Stenberg, R.: Pressure distribution under a ski during carved turns. 16. Raschner, C.; Schiefermiiller, C.; Zallinger, G.; Hofer, E.; Brunner, F.; Müller, E.: Carving turns versus traditional parallel turns -a comparative biomechanical analysis. 17. Yoneyama, T.; Kagawa, H.; Okamoto, A.; Sawada, M.: Measurement of the joint motion in the carving ski turn in comparison with normal ski turning motion. 18. Nemec, B.; Kugovnik, O.; Supej, M.: Influence of the ski side cut on vibrations in alpine skiing. 19. Knünz, B.; Nachbauer, W.; Schindelwig, K.; Brunner, F.: Forces and moments at the boot sole during snowboarding. 20. Tomizawa, I.; Nikki, K.; Haizuka, S.; Ishii, A.: A combined measurement system for discriminating complex resistances affecting ski sliding. 21. Lindinger, S.; Müller, E.; Niessen, W.; Schwameder, H.; Kösters, A.: Comparative biomechanical analysis of modern skating techniques and special skating simulation drills on world-class level. 22. Canclini, A.; Pozzo, R.; Moriconi, B.; Cotelli, F.: 3d and 2d kinematic analysis of classical technique in elite cross country skiers during a world cup race (S. Caterina 1995) and world championships (Ramsau 1999). 23. Babiel, S; Neumaier, A.: Studies on intra- and inter-individual variability of selected cross-country-skiing techniques. 24. Takahashi, M.; Yoneyama, T.: Basic ski theory and acceleration during ski turn. Part II: Fitness testing and training in skiing. (Keynote 4). 25. Mester, J.; Hartmann, U.; Hoffmann, U.; Seifriz, F.; Schwarzer, J.; Spitzenpfeil, P.: Biological response to vibration load: general principles, lab and field studies in alpine skiing (Keynote 4). 26. Schwarzer, J.; Spitzenpfeil, P.; Mester, J.: Physical assessment and quantification of vibration load - analysis of potential risks: Vision as an example. 27. Spitzenpfeil, P.; Schwarzer, J.; Seifriz, F.; Mester, J.: Vibration: Interaction of strength and motor control in alpine skiing. 28. Haas, C.; Kaiser, I.; Schmidtbleicher, D.: Kinetic and electromyographic analysis of regulating oscillations in alpine skiing. 29. Flaction, P.; Cywinski, J.: Effects of electrostimulation vs. physical training on quadriceps force difference: Implications for skiers. 30. Sust, M.; Tilp, M.; Wagner, H.: Stress in the knee joint during specific training movements in alpine skiing. 31. Hoff, J.; Berdahl, G.O.; Braten, S.: Jumping height development and body weight considerations in ski jumping. 32. Assche, W.v.; Verlinden, M.; Clarys, J.P.: Neuromuscular quality control of two (commercial) skisimulation training devices - a technical note. 33. Bisciotti, G.N.; Martinelli, L.; Cotelli, F.; Canclini, A.; Pansini, M.; Fazio, I.: The skier's musculo-tendinous stiffness: A comparison among two different athletic groups. 34. Gollhofer, A.; Alt, W.; Lohrer, H.; Gruber, M.: Functional adaptation following proprioceptive training for ankle and knee joint stabilization. 35. Hofmann, P.; Duvillard, S.P. v.; Meyer, N.; Schwaberger, G.; Traininger, H.; Leitner, C.; Pokan, R.: EMG, power and blood potassium changes resulting from a series of consecutive supra-maximal laboratory tests in competitive alpine ski racers. 36. Duvillard, S.P. v.; Hofmann, P.; Schwaberger, G.; Pokan, R.; Meyer, N.; Rausch, W.: Metabolic changes resulting from a series of consecutive supra-maximal laboratory tests in competitive alpine ski racers. 37. Mannel-Holzer, D.: Aspects concerning Austrian elite ski racers' development in their sport. 38. Bacharach, D.; Seifert, J.; Dean, K.; Schultz, D.; Rice, L.: Coaching cues via radio enhance practice performance of junior alpine skiers. 39. Nicholas, D.; Eschaed, M.; Eschead, T.: The neglected functions of the ankles and feet in alpine skiing. Overcoming straight ankles resulting from the self-defense mechanism. 40. Kuhn, W.: Immediate preparation of competition of top level athletes for the Engadin Marathon. Part III: Physiology and medicine in skiing. (Keynote 5). 41. Johnson, R.J., Natri, A.; Ettlinger, C.F.; Shealy, J.E.: Three-year study of carving skis. 42. Wicker, A.; Matschi, W.; Burger-Rafael, M.; Roithner, R.: Anterior knee pain after sports - also a problem in alpine skiing. 43. Burtscher, M.; Raschner, C.; Zallinger, G.; Schwameder, H.; Miiller, E.: Comparison of cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during conventional and carving skiing. 44. Matkoviae, B.; Matkovias, B.R.; Franjko, I.: Physiological profile and body composition of male cross-country skiers. 45. Bailey, D.M.; Davies, B.; Young, I.S.; Hullin, D.A.; Seddon, P.S.: Increased free radical mediated oxidative stress and skeletal muscle damage at high altitude; a cause or consequence of acute mountain sickness?. 46. Strojnik, V.; Nicol, C.; Komi, P.V.: Fatigue during one-week tourist alpine skiing. 47. Yamagishi, T.; Fujii, K.; Tsuji, M.; Kuroska, D.; Amakawa: Proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation training for alpine ski racers: Returning programs for after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. 48. Meyer, N.L.; Johnson, S.C.; Askew, E.W.; Duvillard, S.P. v.; Hofmann, P.; Kipp, R.W.; Manore, M.M.: Nutritional issues in alpine ski racing during the preparatory phase. 49. Seifert, J.G.; Luetkemeier, M.J.; White, A.T.; Mino, L.M.; Miller, D.: Fluid balance during slalom training in elite collegiate alpine racers. 50. Torvik, P.-O.; Helgerud, J.: The validity of the portable metabolic test system cortex metamax. Part IV: Psychology and sociology of skiing. (Keynote 6). 51. Hackfort, P.: Psychic action-regulation in skiing - with special reference to alpine skiracing. 52. Franke, E.: Technological thinking in skiing - a moral challenge for sports science?. 53. Hanin, Y.L.: Emotion-motivational profiling in skiing - an individualized assessment program. 54. Kintscher, H.; Vechta, H.; Lippens, V.: "Insights into the instruction process" - The recording of subjective theories while learning to ski. 55. Solbakken, T.; Vikander, N.O.: A stride behind the russians: is goal-setting a factor? -comparing russian and norwegian women Olympic and World Cross Country Ski Medalists. 56. Bachleitner, R.; Weichbold, M.: Socio-ecological consequences of winter tourism: suicidal effects?. 57. Imachi, Y.; Sasayama, S.: Skiing in japan: Transition of the ski market in the past decade. 58. Masuda, S.; Kunimi, Y.; Kawasaki, T.; Yamada, N.; Namikoshi, I.; Morimoto, N.: Some experiment of ski area information system. aus der Einleitung und Inhaltsverzeichnis