Abstract des Autors

Walking is a rhythmic, dynamic, aerobic activity of large skeletal muscles that confers the multifarious benefits of this with minimal adverse effect. Walking, faster than customary, and regularly in sufficient quantity into the "training zone" over 70% of maximal heart rate, develops and sustains physical fitness: the cardiovascular capacity and endurance (stamina) for bodily work and movement in everyday life that also provides reserves for meeting exceptional demands. Muscles of the legs, limb girdle and lower trunk are strengthened and the flexibility of their cardinal joints preserved; posture and carriage may improve. Any amount of walking, and at any pace, expends energy. Hence the potential, long term, of walking for weight control. Dynamic aerobic exercise, as in walking, enhances a multitude of bodily processes that are inherent in skeletal muscle activity, including the metabolism of high density lipoproteins and insulin/glucose dynamics. Walking is also the most common weight-bearing activity, and there are indications at all ages of an increase in related bone strength. The average middle-aged person should be able to walk 1.6 km comfortably on the level at 6.4 km/h and on a slope of 1 in 20 at 4.8 km/h, however, many cannot do so because of inactivity-induced unfitness. The physiological threshold of "comfort" represents 70% of maximum heart rate. Trials across the age span are required in primary care and community programmes to evaluate such approaches, and the benefits and costs more generally of possible initiatives towards more walking. Walking, by quantity and pace, is under-researched, particularly in the middle-aged and elderly. Randomised controlled trials are required of its physiological effects on blood pressure, thrombogenesis, immune function; and of walking in the prevention and/or treatment of non-insulin dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus, osteoporosis, anxiety and depression and back pain. Verf.-Referat